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Articles: Features

Carrying Capacity
by Ben Koerth, Institute for White-tailed Deer Management & Research

Few terms in biology are used more and probably understood less than carrying capacity. It’s one of those terms we use almost daily in discussing animals and their habitat. Yet, is it simply theory or is it real? Biologists and scientists have defined the term carrying capacity with words. However, finite means of measuring carrying capacity and determining what the exact number should be for any particular habitat have not been adequately developed. Yet, we expect laymen, i.e. livestock and wildlife managers, to abide by the principle of carrying capacity in their operations every day.
 
What makes carrying capacity so difficult? I believe the difficulty comes into play because of the plethora of concepts in carrying capacity and our inability to accurately measure what is the correct level.Notice the high browse line on this bush indicating a clear case of a carrying capacity out of balance
 
Carrying capacity has been defined in scientific literature as “the maximum number of animals that can forage on a given plant community without weight loss for a given period of time.” This is essentially the saturation point where any addition of animals would cause the population to be overabundant. While the animal side of the equation appears to be adequately covered by this definition, little attention is given to habitat.
 
It would be prudent to include in any definition of carrying capacity an implication of long-term stability not only in herbivore numbers, but also the vegetation production and composition of associated species. Thus, a more complete definition including habitat has been termed Ecological Carrying Capacity or “the maximum number of animals that can forage on a given plant community without weight loss for a given period of time and without detriment to the long-term productivity of the plant community.”
 
This seems like a reasonable definition I think most people would agree with if the idea was to carry the maximum number of animals on a sustained basis. However, in the framework of carrying capacity there are two types of problems — those dealing with biology and those associated with value judgments. Believe it or not, there is more than one carrying capacity. Noted scientist A. R. E. Sinclair illustrated the fact carrying capacity changes, not only as habitat changes, but based on people’s values and perceptions.
 
Ecological Carrying Capacity, as noted above, would be the highest population of animals a habitat could support. However, at high animal densities we often encounter low production and recruitment of young animals into the population. If we had high production of young, the population would quickly shoot well above carrying capacity in the absence of heavy harvest. For the population to remain stable at Ecological Carrying Capacity, hunter harvest and natural mortality of adults must not be more than the number of new animals coming into the population.
 
A difficult concept for many to accept is the possibility of actually harvesting a higher number of animals with a lower overall population size. This level is commonly called Maximum Sustained Yield. For Maximum Sustained Yield to work, the population must be held at approximately 50% of the Ecological Carrying Capacity. This means you would have half of the number of deer. Yet, the increased productivity and recruitment of young would allow a higher total harvest than a population held at Ecological Carrying Capacity with low recruitment.
 
While very difficult to actually achieve, Maximum Sustained Yield is an accepted concept in the more mesic portions of the whitetail’s range. However, in harsher habitats like much of south Texas and Mexico, the increased recruitment following heavy population reduction may not always occur. You need to be judicious in harvesting any species in habitat- or weather-limited ranges or you may only end up with a pasture with fewer deer.
 
Another carrying capacity concept has been called Hunter Opportunity Carrying Capacity. It is difficult to know exactly where to place this concept along the curve. Hunters naturally want to see a large number of animals, seemingly the same as Ecological Carrying Capacity. However, the higher potential harvest from Maximum Sustained Yield conceivably would be another goal. In this light, Hunter Opportunity Carrying Capacity seems to be a contradiction. Logically, Hunter Opportunity Carrying Capacity would be somewhere between Ecological Carrying Capacity and Maximum Sustained Yield. This would maximize both harvest numbers and hunter satisfaction in being able to view a large number of animals.
 
Other carrying capacity concepts go beyond simple production and harvest. For example, parasite loads tend to increase as deer populations increase. In the southeastern states, high numbers of internal parasites (such as large stomach worms) have been correlated with areas where deer populations are considered overabundant. Perhaps a reasonable concept would be to maintain the animal population at or below the level where parasites become a noticeable problem. This population level has been termed Parasite Load Carrying Capacity.
 
With ever increasing development into former deer habitat, the incidence of depredation on lawns, yards and ornamental plants tends to increase dramatically in the absence of population control. In other areas, depredation on cultivated crops causes financial losses. While these man-made food sources conceivably could maintain a high population of animals, property destruction of this sort is seldom welcomed. Therefore, further down the spectrum of population size may be Cultural Carrying Capacity. In other words, how many animals we can stand to have around. To keep these animals from relying on yard plants and crops, it would be necessary to reduce their numbers to a level where the remaining native plant habitat could sustain the population.Too many deer ???
 
In areas where timber production is practiced, browsing by deer on newly planted seedlings can cause financial losses and retard development of stands of trees for future use. In these cases, it may be necessary to hold the population at what could be termed Timber Carrying Capacity.
 
In some areas, browsing by deer has been blamed for the near elimination of some species of plants highly favored by deer as food. In other cases, severe browsing has affected habitat quality for rare species of animals. To allow reestablishment of nearly extinct plants and regeneration of woody habitat would require holding the deer population at Rare Species Carrying Capacity.
 
While this lengthy discussion is somewhat confusing, it illustrates the point that any definition of carrying capacity often is arbitrary and simply a matter of perspective. Carrying capacity and overabundance of animal populations are not clear concepts that can simply be assigned a number.
 
Still, we want to maintain a population of deer within some limits so neither the animals nor the habitat are negatively affected. How then can you decide how many animals should be there? If you want to maintain the population at Ecological Carrying Capacity, or saturation point, how do you determine the number of animals for the habitat?
 
Unfortunately, that remains a question that still has not been adequately answered. Although, scientists have tried and are continuing to research the problem in hopes of finding the best answer.
 
One method that has been tried is to construct grazing exclosures to prevent animals from having access to vegetation in small areas. At the end of the growing season the vegetation inside and outside the exclosure is measured. The measurement is usually to clip and weigh the vegetation so the number of pounds of forage per acre can be calculated. The amount inside the exclosure is the potential production of that habitat. The difference between inside and outside the exclosure is the amount of forage used during that time. With that information and a measure of the amount of vegetation left standing, you can estimate the number of animal-days of use remaining. If the amount of forage left is not enough to carry your number of animals until the next growing season, you have too many. If surplus forage is available, more animals can be supported by the habitat.
 
Sounds simple doesn’t it. In reality it is. However, the problem is it may only work really well in simple habitats. For example, a grass pasture used for cattle grazing. In complex habitats that deer normally occupy, a grazing exclosure would have to be constructed in representative areas of every habitat type. Also, many subjective measurements would have to be made such as how many of the leaves on a browse plant are actually available to a deer. What people think deer eat and what deer actually eat are not always the same thing.A big bachelor group of bucks. Is this too many???
 
Another method that has been tried in research is to build small, temporary pens and place tame deer inside. These animals are weighed on a periodic basis, and remain inside the enclosure until they begin to lose body weight. When the animals lose a certain percentage of their body weight, it is assumed the forage is depleted. The number of animal-days it took to deplete the forage is the carrying capacity inside the enclosure. This number can be extrapolated to that entire habitat type to estimate carrying capacity.
 
Again, there are some problems with this technique and I think you can visualize the complexities of attempting this on a large scale. However, this kind of glass-bottle experiment may come as close as we can get to being able to put an actual number on carrying capacity.
 
Another more extensive method takes many years and a lot of experience to complete. Say, for example, you keep up with deer densities on a large number of ranches within a region of the state. Along with that you have a general idea of the kind of habitat on each ranch. After a number of years you can begin to see a pattern of where the highest quality of deer are coming from. With a high percentage of speculation and assumption, you can derive a rough estimate of the average deer density that produces the best quality for that area.
 
Does that mean if you live in that part of the state that is what the carrying capacity on your ranch should be? No, that is completely illogical. Wildlife biologists have known and have been telling people for years that wildlife management is site specific. What happens on one place has little bearing on what happens down the road on another. One ranch may have a deer per 10 acres and be fully stocked. Another ranch may have a deer per 25 acres and be fully stocked. It depends on the quality of habitat and associated management practices like livestock grazing, not your geographic location. If you knew nothing about your animals and habitat, then this average deer density estimate could be a good rule of thumb to start with. However, carrying capacity of a specific ranch may be quite different than the average.
 
How then do you determine the carrying capacity for your ranch? In a real world situation, probably the best way is to let the animals tell you themselves. They are the ones having to make a living in that habitat 365 days a year. They know more about your habitat quality than anyone else.
 
While you certainly can’t interview your deer, you can assimilate a wealth of knowledge about habitat quality from things most deer managers are already doing. Data that comes from your check stations and annual censuses are very important. If dressed body weights by sex and age classes are low or decreasing, antler quality by age class is low or decreasing, you have a high percentage of spike-antlered bucks, and fawn survival is low or decreasing, you probably have too many deer. The population would be considered overabundant and is exceeding the carrying capacity of the habitat. If on the other hand, these kinds of measures are high for your region or are continually increasing, your deer herd has not yet reached carrying capacity. No matter the density number, the habitat obviously is capable of supporting those animals in a high quality manner.
 
If the habitat does not support the number of animals you feel are necessary then some form of habitat manipulation is in order. Game management, by definition, is the purposeful manipulation of factors that limit the population. Productivity changes as limiting factors change. Raise the limiting factor and the population will increase proportionally.
 
For example, nutrition is probably the most common limiting factor in carrying capacity. Therefore, to be able to carry more animals, quality and quantity of the food source needs to be increased. This can be accomplished by a number of methods depending on the specific situation. However, the point would be to manipulate the vegetation complex to make more high quality food available.
 
However, you are going to reach a point where native vegetation can be manipulated no further. Plants have evolved through eons to conform to seasonal environmental influences. New growth normally occurs during times of the year when rainfall and temperature are conducive to growth. Also, we know carrying capacity changes through the year in conjunction with these plant growth stages. Carrying capacity normally would be high in spring, lower during summer, perhaps increase again in fall, and decreases during winter. While not a completely predictable cycle, this relationship generally holds true. A prudent manager relying solely on native vegetation would hold the animal population at the lowest carrying capacity stage for the year. That would ensure that all the animals had the highest quality nutrition even during the worst times.
 
To raise the productive capacity of the habitat, the low points in carrying capacity have to be raised. This is where supplemental forages or feeding play a role. To a large extent, supplements can ameliorate the inadequacies of native forage when those plants are lacking in quality or quantity. Essentially, you can even out the carrying capacity over the year. Therefore, it’s possible for animal numbers to be maintained nearer the carrying capacity of the best season without detriment to either animal health or the vegetation complex. Overall carrying capacity of the range hasn’t changed, but the productive capacity is dramatically increased.
 
Wildlife is a renewable product of the land. Just like any other crop, highest production is realized by controlling the limiting factors holding the population down. There will always be some that view wildlife management as production of an artificial game crop and management is thereby offensive. However, this shows little insight into the past or future. Virtually all animals are impacted by human manipulation of the environment, whether directed at the animal or not. Management merely attempts to control those forces so their impacts are not simply fortuitous. To paraphrase a portion of Aldo Leopold’s book Game Management written in 1933, game management classically follows specific sequences. The first is restriction of hunting, followed by predator control, creation of parks and refuges, restocking and transplanting animals, and finally, control of the environment through manipulation of food, cover and other special features. We have traversed the first four of these stages in American history. It is time we embraced the last stage in deer management. Effective conservation and wildlife management requires a deliberate and purposeful manipulation of the environment just as any other sustainable crop of the land.








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IN NO EVENT WILL WHITETAIL DOMAINS BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF DATA, SERVICE INTERRUPTION, COMPUTER FAILURE, OR PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SITE OR ANY SERVICES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER THEORY EVEN IF WHITETAIL DOMAINS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

IN NO EVENT WILL WHITETAIL DOMAINS' AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO YOU OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY AND ALL CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THE SITE OR ANY SERVICES EXCEED THE AMOUNTS YOU HAVE PAID TO WHITETAIL DOMAINS. You acknowledge that Whitetail Domains has set its prices and entered into this Agreement in reliance upon the limitations of liability specified herein, which allocate the risk between the parties and form a basis of the bargain between the parties. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you.

Indemnification

You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Whitetail Domains and its officers, directors, employees, and agents, from and against any claims, liabilities, damages, losses, and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable legal and accounting fees, arising out of or in any way connected with your access to or use of the Site or Services, or your violation of this Agreement. Whitetail Domains reserves the right, at its own expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any such claim otherwise subject to defense by you, in which event you will cooperate with Whitetail Domains and its counsel, as necessary, in the conduct of such defense.

Links To 3rd Party Sites

The Site may contain links to third-party websites or resources. You acknowledge and agree that Whitetail Domains is not responsible or liable for: (i) the availability or accuracy of such websites or resources; or (ii) the content, products or services on or available from such websites or resources. Links to such websites or resources do not imply any endorsement by Whitetail Domains of such websites or resources or the content, products, or services available from such websites or resources. You acknowledge sole responsibility for and assume all risk arising from your use of any such websites or resources. For the terms and conditions governing your use of Partner Sites, refer to the terms of service governing those websites.

Forum And Choice Of Law

This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas, without regard to its conflicts of law rules. You expressly agree that the exclusive jurisdiction for any claim or action arising out of or relating to this Agreement or your use of the Services will be filed only in the federal courts located in the State of Texas, or state courts located in Fort Bend County, Texas. You further agree and submit to the exercise of personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of litigating any such claim or action. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of, or related to, use of the Services or this Agreement must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose, or be forever barred. Disputes must be settled by arbitration utilizing the dispute resolution procedures of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) in Houston, Texas.

Refund Policy

Whitetail Domains will not honor any refunds for any paid Whitetail Domains services, including without limitation Member account payments, more than thirty (30) days after you last submitted such payment to Whitetail Domains. Should you find the need to request a refund, please email Customer Service or call us at 1-281-633-2334.

General

You may not assign any rights granted to you or delegate any of your duties hereunder; any attempt to do so is void and of no effect. Whitetail Domains may assign its rights and delegate its duties under this Agreement in their entirety in connection with a merger, reorganization or sale of all, or substantially all, of its assets relating to this Agreement. The failure of Whitetail Domains at any time to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same unless the same is waived in writing. If a court should find that one or more rights or provisions contained in this Agreement are invalid, you agree that the remainder of the Agreement will be enforceable. The headings and captions are for convenience only and are not to be used in the interpretation of this Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the complete and exclusive understanding and agreement between you and Whitetail Domains regarding its subject matter, and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements or understandings relating to such subject matter.

If you have any questions or concerns about this Agreement or any issues raised in this Agreement or on the Site, please contact Whitetail Domains at the Contact Us page.
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